ABSTRACT
A new health threat was appeared in 2019 known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The new coronavirus distributed all over the world and caused millions of deaths. One way to incomplete the process of COVID-19 transfer from one person to another is using disinfectants. A narrative review study was done on manuscript published documents about the stability of the virus, different types of disinfectants and the effects of disinfectants on SARS-CoV2 and environment from 2005 to 2022 based on Searched databases included Google Scholar, Springer, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct (Scopus). All relevant studies published 2005 until 2022 gathered. According to the databases, 670 articles were retrieved. Thirty studies were screened after review and 30 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 14 articles were selected in this study. New coronavirus could survive until 9 days in room temperature; the surviving time decreases if temperature increases. The virus can survive in various plastic, glass, and metal surfaces for hours to days. Disinfectants, such as alcohol, isopropanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol, can kill 70-90% viruses in up to 30 s but should be noted that these disinfectants are recognized by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as a potential carcinogen. According to the different reports, increased duration and level of disinfectant exposure can have negative impacts on human and animal health including upper and lower respiratory tract irritation, inflammation, edema, ulceration, and allergic reactions.
ABSTRACT
A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a newly discovered virus in 2019 in Wuhan, China. Globally around the world, healthcare professionals (HCP), including nurses, are the front line health workers (FHW), considered as a vital member of the team trying to save several people's lives. Although leading health organizations and scientific papers consistently addressed the HCP challenging role concerning multidisciplinary approaches and support systems, along with evidence-based research implications for delivering the best possible quality care, this review resulted in four primary categories, such as challenges, domains, support systems (code of ethics), and evidence-based synthesis of health policy. A step further, this article will detail the tremendous role of brave healthcare workers, including nurses and pharmacists who proved themselves as health warriors, along with the key issues about the nurses' perspectives on the impact of COVID-19, and to debunk the mixed messages what is being reported every day is a virtual drive for nurses focusing on the significant domains of nursing practices as a motivating factor amid COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
The immune system protects us by producing antibodies against viruses and diseases. Currently, there is no cure in treating patients infected with COVID-19. Even though many nations declared extrapolate findings on the COVID-19 vaccine trial, this will require months to develop an effective vaccine successfully. Meanwhile, an immune-enhancing preventive approach can be considered in order to strengthen the immune system that would enhance the host's resistance to infection. Although the leading health authorities of national and international health institutions, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), and the World Health Organization (WHO) consistently providing standard guidelines focusing on treatment, prevention, and promotion perspectives, this article discussed the promising alternative prophylactic solutions in enhancing host immunity with a highly valuable supplements Zinc, Vitamin D to protect human beings from COVID-19 pandemic disease.
ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses 2019 (Covid-19) is a massive family of viruses that causes respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to the most severe conditions such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that represents the humanitarian crisis on a global scale. Currently, there are no therapeutic strategies approved by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to cure or prevent COVID-19. Global research efforts from around the world extrapolate the updates focusing specifically on the biphasic nature of Covid-19 that involve both innate and acquired immunity. Even though researchers around the globe are racing to invent a life-saving therapeutics and vaccines to tackle COVID-19, the only available venture is a supportive approach in rendering treatment to patients with severe and non-severe cases of COVID-19. Supplementation of several vitamins and trace elements showed the expected favorable impact on enhancing immunity in viral infection. Numerous studies prompted the value of zinc (Zn) supplementation that prevents the virus from entering cells by binding with protein in potentiating antiviral immunity, which is realized through different mechanisms, including the improvement in markers of immune function. Zinc is also an associated factor for several enzymes (needed for the activity for over 300 enzymes), transcription factors, and replication factors. Interestingly, low-level zinc results in dysfunction of all immune cells, subjects with altered zinc state have a high risk for infectious disorders, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Several assumptions regarding immunomodulators of zinc remain unresolved. This review aimed to explore the hypothetical association of Zinc supplementation (the key immunomodulator) in association with a preventive and therapeutic role of treating patients with COVID-19.